Multiplication

Multiplication is an elementary binary operation, written \(ab\), \(a \times b\), \(a(b)\) or \(a \cdot b\) (pronounced "\(a\) times \(b\)"). For natural numbers, it is defined as repeated addition:

\[a \times b = \underbrace{a + a + \cdots + a + a}_b.\]

For example, \(3 \times 4 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12\). The result of a multiplication problem is called the product.

Like addition, multiplication is and  on \(\mathbb{N}\) and \(\mathbb{R}\): \(a \times b = b \times a\) and \((a \times b) \times c = a \times (b \times c)\) for all natural and real values of \(a,b\) and \(c\). Repeated multiplication is called exponentiation.

However, multiplication is not commutative on ordinals. For any limit ordinal \(\alpha\), \(2 \times \alpha = \alpha \neq \alpha \times 2\).

In googology, it is the second hyper operator.

Other properties

 * \(0 \times n = 0\)
 * \(1 \times n = n\)
 * \((-a) \times (-b) = a \times b\)
 * \((-a) \times b = a \times (-b) = -(a \times b)\)

Turing machine code
Given input of form (string of a 1's) (string of b 1's) it outputs string of a*b 1's

0 1 _ r 1 0 _ _ r 9 1 1 1 r 1 1 _ _ r 2 2 1 _ r 3 2 _ _ l 7 3 1 1 r 3 3 _ _ r 4 4 1 1 r 4 4 _ 1 l 5 5 1 1 l 5 5 _ _ l 6 6 1 1 l 6 6 _ 1 r 2 7 1 1 l 7 7 _ _ l 8 8 1 1 l 8 8 _ _ r 0 9 1 _ r 9 9 _ _ r halt

Dependency of properties on arithmetics
When we work in ZFC set theory, properties of multiplication such as commutativity and associativity hold. However, in Robinson arithmetic, the commutativity does not necessarily hold. The statement \(\forall a,b \in \mathbb{N} : a \times b = b \times a\) is independent of Robinson arithmetic.